Understanding The Misunderstood Art From Different Cultures :: essays research papers

Understanding the Misunderstood Art From Different Cultures Art is a medium used by people world wide to express their ideas, their fears, and their joys. The artist takes the experiences of life and translates them into a visual object, rich in colors, shapes and sizes, for all the world to observe. As a casual observer of art, one is able to relive the feeling or experience the artist was trying to display, if only for a brief moment in time. No matter what cultural background one comes from, art appreciation and enjoyment erases the barriers and the limits, and allows cross-cultural understanding and appraisal. Art has always relied heavily upon universal symbols. One of the most well known universal symbols is the cross, meaning of course, religion. Religion of a culture is one of the most frequently misjudged and stereotyped aspects From the prehistoric times of the cave man to present day, art has depicted religious scenes native to a specific culture. This is where most of the cultural boundaries lie. To one person, a smiling monkey can instill a primal feeling of fear, while to another the first reaction is one of amusement. This difference in reaction is based upon religious upbringing, and nothing more. To certain culture, a smiling monkey is the scariest thing they could ever imagine, and to another, it means laughter. A close minded person viewing an ancient religious mask would see nothing more than nonsense, while one who wishes to understand art would see the beauty of that culture and it's beliefs, and would try to place themselves in a way so that they may understand the original meaning ofthe mask, and form an educated opinion on it. Anyone can enjoy a piece of art, but what is it that makes a piece of art "good"? Is it the realism of the piece? Or the absolute perfectness of a sculpture? Maybe good art is abstract, an array of shapes put together to make a point. Or maybe good art is a classical sculpture that catches the light just so and brings a warm smile to the viewers face. Is it a measure of craftsmanship? A measure of mediums used? A measure of technique? Or is it just a measure of how it affects the viewer? Is good art visually irritating or visually pleasing? The beauty of art is impossible to define, for it's beauty inherently lies in the eye of the beholder. As Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel said, "Beauty is the spiritual put into a form." So, in defining beauty, one is attempting to define the spiritual beliefs behind the form.

The History Of Earnings Management Accounting Essay

In the last few decennaries the universe economic system has changed. Undoubtedly, major factors on its form had globalisation, concern unity and engineering. These procedures changed the operation of little, medium, and large concerns. In the beginning of twenty-first century there are many dramatic instances that are related to net incomes direction frauds. These events imbalance world-wide economic system ; they bring deficiency of trust to investors for market stock and this leads to misdirect information about net incomes. These false audits and created maltreatments brought an sentiment that shareholders will make perfectly everything to increase their net income. In fact, I have come to believe that net incomes quality is one of the most of import facets in fiscal universe in the present twenty-four hours. Management net incomes play a important function for income statements and balance sheets, as they straight affect stock markets, Bankss, investors, creditors and many fisca l establishments. The intent of this research paper is to reply the inquiry what net incomes direction is and how directors and hearers follow the regulations utilizing the guidelines of this tool. Why is it so of import? Net incomes are an sum of net income that company produce in a certain period of clip. â€Å" Net incomes quality refers to the ability of reported net incomes to reflect the company ‘s true net incomes, every bit good as the utility of reported net incomes to foretell future net incomes † . Fiscal statements are used in cognizing and foretelling the status of the company to be able to do a pick about stocks, notes, and others liquid assets. Fiscal statements besides refer to consistence, stableness and staying power in study net incomes. Accounting does non cognize one simple rating method for ciphering and demoing net incomes. That is why it is so hard to mensurate them and compare them through the markets. Net incomes appear in assorted figures: net income, grosss, ru ning net incomes and etc. Very frequently these factors do non intend anything to anybody and they do non lend for utile information about a company ‘s position. I would wish to reply what grounds and motivations drive directors to net incomes direction. I think that motivations and purposes are really of import and they can impact our ideas that lead to our actions and behaviour. I will so discourse the conceptual model for net incomes direction and its use techniques. In the past old ages audits have put more a stronger focal point on fraud sensing and fraud disincentive. This scrutinizing attempt has started giving better consequences. The legion of net incomes frauds start diminishing. However, there is still a large per centum of companies that use direction net incomes in the incorrect manner, that is why I would wish to demo what technique hearers can utilize in observing fraud in direction net incomes. On history of many frauds and bankruptcies of large houses in the United States and Europe, there has been a rise in involvement of quality of fiscal statements and fiscal studies through hearers. The term, net incomes direction is non new, it has been used in old old ages. Mrs. Katherine Schipper was one of the first who define net incomes direction. She defined it as: â€Å" aˆÂ ¦.purposeful intercession in the external fiscal coverage procedure, with the purpose of obtaining some private addition † ( Schipper ) . Another but more sophisticated account was provided by Healy and Wahlen: â€Å" Net incomes direction occurs when directors use judgements in fiscal coverage and in structuring minutess to change fiscal studies to either misdirect some stakeholders about the implicit in economic public presentation of the company or to act upon contractual results that depend on the reported accounting Numberss † ( Healy and Wahlen ) . In simple words, it is use of a ho use ‘s net incomes ( straight or indirectly ) to run into stockholders and investors outlooks in certain periods of clip. I found many different positions and positions about net incomes direction. I infer that definition of net incomes direction suffers from deficiency of consensus about the definition of net incomes direction. It kindly apprehensible that many bookmans interpret this term otherwise. For many people it is merely a originative managerial resource that shows a company from its best side. Nevertheless, in my sentiment Scott provides the best definition: â€Å" the pick by a director of accounting policies so as to accomplish specific aims. Net incomes direction can be basically classified as either accounting related, affecting the use of accounting records through aggressive or deceitful applications of accounting rules, or operating related, affecting picks made by direction sing the timing of investing or operating activities, with the consequence that repor ted net incomes are influenced by these picks † ( Scott ) . We can acknowledge assorted motivations for net incomes direction. Surely, it is non a safe operation and it binds to put on the line of harm a repute and condemnable duty. Companies will prosecute in this pattern merely if they must and it is their last option and pick. We can choose and place the five the most common motivations for this procedure: stock market benefits, concealing private information, political costs, internal motivations, and doing CEO look better. The stock market relies on information, which means that investors want to cognize the prognosis of the fiscal side of the company before they buy stock. Interaction between those two organic structures is really high because puting in stock is a really hazardous action. Investors frequently invest in successful and potentially profitable houses. Firms need to look good and strong in assorted fiscal analyzes. These elements can easy force houses towards net incomes direction. By run intoing outlook of investors, companies expect higher returns, which will ensue better hard currency flow and stableness for a company. On the other manus, by demoing negative income and pour income statement a house exposes itself to a dramatic lessening in the company ‘s value and capital. Which gives negative stock gross. The stronger inducement so the higher chance that directors will utilize net incomes direction to increase its income, which will hold consequence on better prognosis analysis f or company ( Payne and Robb ) . To sum up, company attack net incomes direction reasonably easily because they want to remain in â€Å" game † and they expect their challenger to make the same thing. Hiding private information is process whereby concealing some information directors achieve their ends. It is hard to explicate the patterns of house ‘s accounting to the public participants. If the investors can non acknowledge a method of accounting they more likely will non put their assets in the house. To better information of the company, directors may follow simpler and clearer methods which result altering in net incomes often ( S. Verbruggen, J. Christaens, and K. Milis ) . The following factor that can act upon fiscal statements is authorities. Tax Torahs and different sorts of authorities ordinances may impact greed for alterations in direction net incomes. Large companies do non desire to large affect by politicians and control by authoritiess. Equally long as politicians do non indicate at houses for deficiency of liquid or inefficient stock portions, companies do they work. Fiscal studies are really frequently tasty morsel for politicians. One of the most influential factors in my sentiment is doing the CEO expression good. It happens because of the greed in people, particularly for CEO or CFO and their compulsions with their repute. It normally exists when a company changes its Chief executive officer or when the CEO retires and he or she likes to go forth good feeling after its direction, which of class consequence in a large sum of fillips. Last illustration of a motivation for net incomes direction is internal motivations. Even if a company does non hold to demo its operations and net incomes to stakeholders or authorities, it can still utilize this powerful tool to make its annual ends and to achieve its public presentation program. I will concentrate now on patterns, process and fast one that directors use. How do houses pull off net incomes? The easiest and the fastest manner to conceal or demo a batch of net income in fiscal informations is by utilizing accumulations. Harmonizing to J. Jones and his work in â€Å" Earnings direction during of import alleviation probes † , most of the companies use unexpected accumulations or really similar to those that they use in their books to do up a difference between its existent assets to its end. He appointed each of their methods to assorted types of classs. Assorted types of these methods are net incomes direction through: specific accumulations, revelation and ‘real action ‘ , cost allotment and construction of dealing which refers to change fiscal informations. The first type of process that a house can utilize is net incomes direction through specific accumulations. It happens really frequently that direction can utilize specific accounting criterions in its fiscal statement because a house can happen itself in particular state of affairss or in particular industry. These specific state of affairss offers more room for different picks of direction because jurisprudence or regulations are non really specific. As a consequence it gives adequate grounds to hike up houses net incomes. This free pick of reading for comptrollers brings attending to hearers and their probes. Examples of these patterns are normally known in Bankss, insurance and belongings industry. In these industries houses can reasonably easy managed loan ‘s losingss, rating of belongings or pensions. The 2nd type of common patterns in net incomes direction is cost allotment. Firms can switch its income by apportioning costs to different activities. It can happen when cost, gross or an point is moved from other subordinates to another country with extra revenue enhancement or a different accounting method. Sometimes houses use charitable organisation to acquire extra options in traveling net incomes. In maintaining with Jones and Robert ‘s research ( 2006 ) † charities use the allotment of joint costs to smooth the plan ration, an frequently used index of charity efficiency † ( Jones and Robert ) . Largely, investors bring their attending to core fiscal informations, that is why it is utile for companies to switch some disbursals from chief fiscal informations to ‘special points ‘ . It happens because in nucleus fiscal information grosss and disbursals are non summed up with grosss and disbursals, for particular points, which can give infinite for net incomes direction. Large part of bookmans agree that income switching through different classs and reinvesting net incomes consequence in optimisation of revenue enhancements and study net incomes. Net incomes direction uses its â€Å" fast ones † through revelation. Directors normally use anterior net incomes sums to measure current net incomes in stock option. Under SFAS No 123 company should acknowledge pro forma stock option as an disbursal but houses manage this as a stock option in a footer. In fact, this pattern can cut down public unfavorable judgment because finally the CEO will counterbalance it and stock ‘s value can reminds the same, high. Back before 2002, multiple houses in United States normally used this process. ‘Real activities ‘ direction has a different intent of net incomes direction than old methods. Firm ‘s existent activities can by equilibrate up and down by altering a construction of dealing to be or non be able to use certain accounting criterions. Form of this pattern can be seen when an organisation cuts its budget, or selling monetary value, or follow just-in-time price reductions. Real use happens when company deviate from normal concern patterns and undertaken with primary aim of run intoing certain thresholds. ( Roychowdhury 2006 ) . Many grounds show that addition in gross revenues consequences in monetary value price reduction giving by companies, engage in overrun cut down cost of goods sold. Everything is a consequences of specific and rigorous end for a house. Besides, really clear illustrations provide just-in-time acceptance alterations in debt and revenue enhancement inducements when an organisation experiences different pattern for LIFO and FIFO tha t relates straight to income smoothing. A different manner of utilizing existent activities is clocking corporation ‘s accounting determinations. Firms give money for charity foundations, which result in grants. The clip spread between sedimentations and payout consequences in possibilities of net incomes direction. Petrovits put it good by stating â€Å" houses with high stock monetary value sensitiveness and little additions in net incomes make the most income-increasing foundation support picks. Firms with increasing net incomes despite of big income-decreasing foundation support picks in the current twelvemonth are more likely to increase net incomes in subsequent periods, consistent with the usage of cooky jar militias and net incomes smoothing † ( Petrovits ) . Relatively, directors can smooth net incomes income by hard currency flow. Playing with accumulations and altering them are most common pattern. Particularly, when discretional accumulations and derived functions accumulations are easy to pull off. If a company ‘s portfolio has a big fanciful sum and lower degrees of discretional accumulations, it will propose that both of those accumulations were modified to smooth net incomes. Is it ethical to utilize net incomes direction? I think that this pattern is likely one of the most of import ethical issues confronting the accounting profession today. Management normally has to make up one's mind either play a just game and seek to remain in frame of accounting regulations or maximising its net income utilizing every tool that directors can utilize. The job is ne'er black or white ; it is more like a gray side of net incomes direction, which can raise ethical issues. In a wide argument about ethical issues in moralss one side claim that: â€Å" net incomes direction undertaken entirely to heighten personal ends is by and large viewed as unethical † and the other side conclude that the moralss are both unethical and ethical, it depends of concern end. Others say that it is wholly unethical. Having said that the ethical effects of pull offing net incomes whether it has positive or negative influence of the moral facets and direction behaviour. Harmonizing to my research, purposes are the most influencing factor for determinations. Which can be subsequently justice as ethical or non. Research by Nelson et all ( 2003 ) concluded that it is common pattern to utilize net incomes direction today. The survey shows that day-to-day activity of companies consequences in cut downing accumulations from old periods, modifying depreciation, postponing measures, gross revenues dealing and altering categorization of income statement. The sample of 515 hearers and their list seems ne'er stoping. I can merely presume that â€Å" little † , â€Å" careless † errors are made every twenty-four hours. Those patterns can take to many effects in the hereafter. Directors can make multiple things to profit a company. These advantages can hold positive and negative results. Stock va lue, bonus pay for directors and etc. are merely on one side of the equation. The other side is more harmful because being detected for fraud will diminish in value of stock, loss of repute for company and direction, and trail for director. â€Å" If net incomes direction is considered unethical by fiscal statement users, so directors ‘ and companies ‘ reputes may endure and companies ‘ credibleness in the fiscal markets may be damaged † ( Kaplan,2001 ) . Kaplan ‘s probe showed that it is hard to make up one's mind if net incomes direction is unethical because we have to look at each instance from assorted position whether it was knowing or non. I inferred that company will ever seek to maximise its net income because it is the whole intent of a map of a company and we have to specify really particular and inside informations regulations to forestall those patterns. By doing clear criterions, comptrollers are able to cut down unethical behaviour to min imum. However, it will ever be something new and something that accounting has non defined yet. In concern everybody needs to happen a balance. I see a demand for schools to learn future hearers and directors about moralss and set up diligent penalties for corrupt comptrollers and supply good audited policies for organisation in concern universes. Many bookmans say that net incomes direction is an issue and a big part of their surveies focuses on the causes, effects and sensing of this topic. Relevant fact in research workers surveies is that defect in net incomes direction is non easy to observe. For sensing hearers use assorted techniques, which are non perfect and normally are miss specified. As I mentioned before accumulations are the most common methods that comptrollers use. It is because ; this method is ready to hand and more flexible than other ( like altering LIFO and FIFO ) . One of the most recognizable techniques is to â€Å" insulate the ‘discretionary ‘ part of the accrual constituent of net incomes † . This technique is really common but still it consists of a deficiency of power because of hapless ability to insulate specific accumulations, which has an unspecified correlativity between variables. Many alternate techniques have been found in recent old ages but they have little betterment ov er this chief method. One of them has a intent for placing discretional accumulations by Dechow and Dichev, 2002. Another method is fiting processs, which helps with misspecification but it is utile merely it matches relevant process with accurate variable. The whole intent of happening work method for sensing net incomes direction is use in accumulations, hearers will confront troubles in sensing of frauds in fiscal statements until they do non happen perfect theoretical account to utilize.Decision: start here delightMany accounting dirts shows importance of believable fiscal coverage. Net incomes direction is really accessible and common in concern in Twenty-one century. Many times when person negotiations about direction net incomes people think that it is something incorrect and negative but it can be really positive and legal. Management net incomes is a tool which aid comptrollers to demo company ‘s fiscal status in favourable manner. Law of accounting modulate many regu lations and state how to construe fiscal jurisprudence. Of class comptrollers have many option to pull strings and smooth their income. However, size of the house has positive impact on net incomes direction because large companies have strong internal control system and good define mechanisms. They besides corporate with CPA houses which they care about their reputes. These elements have decrease chance of earrings direction nevertheless the big companies can besides confront more force per unit area for positive studies. They have wider scope of histories, more bargaining power and stronger power to pull strings net incomes. Surely, motivations are the cardinal elements for net incomes direction. They explain most of directors behavior. Motivations see merely two picks. They are either favourable or no favourable for organisation. I would add something in this paragraph, assist me out my senior! Accounting alterations every twenty-four hours, directors face those alterations in processs every bit good. Government and fiscal organisation should look towards internal issues like audits instead than external factors. Accountants should set more force per unit area on audit because less audit attendings peers more deceitful net incomes direction in concern. Detection in net incomes direction is an of import issue as good and I hope I highlighted that job. It has many restriction and I think that research worker should work on more informations aggregation and less biased methods. In shutting, I recognize an ethical tradeoff throughout organisations. When one house does something rectify and the other sees chance to increases its net incomes even though it can be unethical. The job is that many companies do non look for the long position but short term net income which normally consequences in frauds and unethical behaviour. Net incomes direction is a really sophisticated and powerful tool used normally today.

The Failure Of Women s Consciousness - 2178 Words

The Failure of Women’s Consciousness Wakening -From The Sun Also Rises to The Weather Underground In The Sun Also Rises, Ernest Hemmingway created Lady Brett Ashley in the picture of the New Woman—attractive, uncontrolled and independent. Brett is regarded to be one of the many female characters that represents the rising women’s consciousness in the early twentieth century. It was indeed true that as the liberation movement progressed further, women got more involved in the society and started to participate in women’s rights battles. But it’s ignorant to conclude that women’s consciousness has fully been awakened in the twentieth century by simply looking at the preliminary success. The Weather Underground women portrayed in Bill†¦show more content†¦The New Woman sometimes purposely dressed themselves in masculine ways due to their rejection towards the fixed image of the proceeding Victorian era that females should keep long hair and wear tunic skirts to enhance their femininity. B rett decided the way she dressed herself: â€Å"She wore a slipover jersey sweater and a tweed skirt, and her hair was brushed back like a boy s† (Hemmingway 12). Nonetheless, Brett didn’t try to reject the feminine part of her body, she was described to be â€Å"built with curves like the hull of a racing yacht† (Hemmingway 12). The New Woman was no longer constrained by the housework so there were increasing appearances of women in places like cafes and bars. Brett got to decide where she wanted to spend her time and with whom she wanted to stay. When she showed up in the bar, not only did she dressed like a boy, she also behaved and spoke in masculine ways: â€Å"I’m going to have a drink† (Hemmingway 15). Besides, since the New Women were liberated from only being the housekeepers, they then had more freedom in the society. Just as Brett said, â€Å"we have our careers† (Hemingway 52). 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